Early on in Alzheimer’s and related dementias, people experience changes in thinking, remembering, and reasoning in a way that affects daily life and activities. Eventually, people with these diseases will need more help with simple, everyday tasks. This may include bathing, grooming, and dressing. It may be upsetting to the person to need help with such personal activities. Here are a few tips to consider early on and as the disease progresses:

• Try to keep a routine, such as bathing, dressing, and eating at the same time each day.
• Help the person write down to-do lists, appointments, and events in a notebook or calendar.
• Plan activities that the person enjoys and try to do them at the same time each day.
• Consider a system or reminders for helping those who must take medications regularly.
• When dressing or bathing, allow the person to do as much as possible.
• Buy loose-fitting, comfortable, easy-to-use clothing, such as clothes with elastic waistbands, fabric fasteners, or large zipper pulls instead of shoelaces, buttons, or buckles.
• Use a sturdy shower chair to support an unsteady person and to prevent falls. You can buy shower chairs at drug stores and medical supply stores.
• Be gentle and respectful. Tell the person what you are going to do, step by step while you help them bathe or get dressed.
• Serve meals in a consistent, familiar place and give the person enough time to eat.

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People whose brains have less myelin — the fatty tissue that insulates nerve cells — experience steeper declines in cognition over time, according to an NIA study published in Alzheimer’s & Dementia. The findings show the impact of myelin content as healthy people age and underscore myelin as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and mild cognitive impairment.

Myelin is an insulating layer that forms around nerves, including those in the brain. It helps neurons communicate more efficiently, maintain a healthy water balance, and respond to signals involved in memory formation and other cognitive functions. Previous studies have shown that myelin production slows as people age, but whether changes in myelin are linked to age-related changes in cognition remained unknown. However, some animal study evidence suggests changes in myelin may be responsible for cognitive deficits in neurodegenerative diseases.

For this study, the team of NIA scientists gathered data from 123 cognitively unimpaired adults enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and from the Genetic and Epigenetic Signatures of Translational Aging Laboratory Testing study. The researchers tested several different types of cognition and used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans to measure myelin content in the brain. They looked at two different MRI-based measurements to estimate the amount of myelin: myelin water fraction (MWF) and longitudinal relaxation rate (R1).

For both measurements, lower myelin was linked to greater cognitive decline over time. Lower myelin, as measured with MWF, was associated with a steeper decline in executive function, which includes skills such as planning, problem-solving, organization, and multitasking. Lower myelin as measured with R1 was associated with a faster decline in verbal fluency, which measures the ability to retrieve information from memory. These findings contribute to a foundation for further studies that explore how age-related changes in myelin are different in people who develop neurodegenerative diseases.

While, overall, this study establishes a meaningful relationship between myelin content and cognition, the authors noted some limitations, mainly that the cohort size was relatively small and included a higher proportion of men and White participants. Future research should reexamine the link in a larger, more diverse study cohort; explore the link between myelin and cognition in people with neurodegenerative diseases; and test whether promoting myelin production could be an effective strategy to prevent disease.

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We’ve all been there before. We can’t find our keys or remember what we went into the next room to get. But when memory loss starts to interfere with your daily life and is happening more often, it could be a sign of something more.

Know when to seek help

Memory loss that is getting worse and interferes with your daily life is not a normal part of aging. Memory lapses—like getting lost while driving on your familiar route to the grocery store or having trouble recalling very recent events—could be something more serious to discuss with a healthcare provider.

A growing problem

The most common sign of dementia is severe memory loss that tends to get worse over time. Dementia can be caused by a variety of conditions, but Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause. An estimated 6.7 million older adults have Alzheimer’s disease in the United States, and that number is expected to double by 2060.1 The biggest increases will be among adults belonging to certain racial and ethnic minority groups.

Memory loss that is getting worse or more frequent can be an early warning sign of dementia, but not all people with worsening memory loss will go on to develop Alzheimer’s disease or another dementia.

A recent CDC study found that:

• 1 in 10 US adults 45 years and older reported worsening memory loss.
• Adults with at least a college education were less likely to report worsening memory loss than those with less formal education.
• Patterns of worsening memory loss varied across the United States, with more people reporting it in Alabama, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Florida, and West Virginia than in any other state.
• Less than half of adults who reported worsening memory loss had discussed it with a healthcare provider.

Fortunately, it’s possible to reduce your risk of worsening memory loss and, potentially, dementia later in life. An important first step is talking to your healthcare provider, who can suggest healthy lifestyle changes that can reduce your risk, such as staying physically active, maintaining strong social connections, not smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, and maintaining healthy blood pressure. Your provider can also help to rule out other physical or mental causes of memory loss.

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What is the difference between Alzheimer’s disease and dementia?

Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia. Dementia is a loss of thinking, remembering, and reasoning skills that interfere with a person’s daily life and activities. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among older people. Other types of dementia include frontotemporal disorders, Lewy body dementia, and vascular dementia.

What are the early signs of Alzheimer’s disease?

Memory problems are typically one of the first signs of Alzheimer’s disease, though different people may have different initial symptoms. A decline in other aspects of thinking, such as finding the right words, vision/spatial issues, and impaired reasoning or judgment, may also signal the very early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.

What are the stages of Alzheimer’s disease?

Alzheimer’s disease progresses in several stages: preclinical, early (also called mild), middle (moderate), and late (severe). During the preclinical stage of Alzheimer’s disease, people seem to be symptom-free, but toxic changes are taking place in the brain. A person in the early stage of Alzheimer’s may exhibit the signs listed above.

What are the causes of Alzheimer’s disease?

Scientists do not yet fully understand what causes Alzheimer’s disease in most people. In early-onset Alzheimer’s, which occurs between a person’s 30s and mid-60s, there may be a genetic component. Late-onset Alzheimer’s, which usually develops in a person’s mid-60s, arises from a complex series of age-related brain changes that occur over decades. The causes probably include a mix of these changes, along with genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. These factors affect each person differently.

Is Alzheimer’s disease hereditary?

Just because a family member has Alzheimer’s disease does not mean that you will get it, too. Most cases of Alzheimer’s are late-onset. This form of the disease occurs in a person’s mid-60s and is not linked to a specific change in genes. However, genetic factors appear to increase a person’s risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s.

Is there a cure for Alzheimer’s disease?

Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease. Some sources claim that products such as coconut oil or dietary supplements can cure or delay Alzheimer’s. However, there is no scientific evidence to support these claims.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several drugs to treat people with Alzheimer’s disease, and certain medicines and interventions may help control behavioral symptoms.

Is there a way to prevent Alzheimer’s disease?

Currently, there is no definitive evidence about what can prevent Alzheimer’s disease or age-related cognitive decline. What we do know is that a healthy lifestyle — one that includes a healthy diet, physical activity, appropriate weight, and control of high blood pressure — can lower the risk of certain chronic diseases and boost overall health and well-being. Scientists are very interested in the possibility that a healthy lifestyle might delay, slow down, or even prevent Alzheimer’s. They are also studying the role of social activity and intellectual stimulation in Alzheimer’s disease risk.

Where can I find financial help for people with Alzheimer’s disease or their caregivers?

There are several possible sources of financial help, depending on your situation. Looking into programs offered by the government is a great place to start. Several federal and state programs provide help with healthcare-related costs.

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It’s important to spend meaningful time with a family member or friend who has Alzheimer’s disease or related dementia. Participating together in activities your loved one enjoys can help improve their quality of life and manage behavior changes that may come with the disease, such as sleep problems, aggression, and agitation. It can also help grow and strengthen your connection. However, it may be difficult to know what activities you can safely do with your loved one.

Activities to do around the house

• Make a memory book — look through old pictures together and create a scrapbook.
• Water house and garden plants.
• Listen to their favorite music.
• Watch their favorite show or movie.
• Do an arts and crafts project such as painting or drawing.
• Knit or crochet together.
• Cuddle, feed, or brush a household pet.
• Present an instrument the person used to play such as a piano or guitar. Play, whistle, or sing along.
• Sweep or vacuum.

Activities to keep moving

• Go for a walk on a safe path clear of branches or other obstacles.
• Dance to music the person likes or tap your feet.
• Go to the gym — try walking next to each other on the treadmill or using a stationary bike.
• Lift weights or household items such as filled water bottles.
• Plant flowers.
• Stretch or do yoga.
• Go to a local museum.
• Participate in a water aerobics class.

Activities to engage the mind

• Play a board or card game.
• Work on a puzzle together.
• Read poems or a book together.
• Write cards to other family members and friends.
• Play a computer game.

Activities that promote healthy eating

• Cook together — ask the person about their favorite meal and work together to make it. Or look up healthy cooking videos online and try to make them yourselves.
• Plant vegetables together in the garden or in pots.
• Have a picnic together — bring healthy food options the person likes. Bring a portable or camping chair if the person has trouble sitting on the ground

Activities to stay socially engaged

• Join a dementia-friendly exercise class.
• Invite friends over for tea or snacks.
• See if there is a memory café in your community.
• Plan a video call with a group of friends.
• Join a book club together or start your own with friends and family.
• Host a family game night.

Activities to do with children

• Look through a photo album.
• Paint with watercolors or draw a picture.
• Play with building blocks.
• Listen to music or sing.
• Make tie-dye shirts.

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Published by: AARP

It’s not unusual to have occasional trouble finding the right word or remembering where you put things. But the persistent difficulty with memory, cognition, and ability to perform everyday tasks might be signs of something more serious.

Here are some symptoms to watch for:

1. Difficulty with everyday tasks. Everyone makes mistakes, but people with dementia may find it increasingly difficult to do things like keep track of monthly bills or follow a recipe while cooking, the Alzheimer’s Association says. They may also find it hard to concentrate on tasks, take much longer to do them, or have trouble finishing them.

2. Repetition. Asking a question over and over or telling the same story about a recent event multiple times are common indicators of mild or moderate Alzheimer’s, according to the Cleveland Clinic.

3. Communication problems. Observe if a loved one has trouble joining in conversations or following along with them, stops abruptly in the middle of a thought, or struggles to think of words or the name of objects.

4. Getting lost. People with dementia may have difficulty with visual and spatial abilities. That can manifest itself in problems like getting lost while driving, according to the Mayo Clinic.

5. Personality changes. A loved one who begins acting unusually anxious, confused, fearful, or suspicious, or who becomes upset easily and seems depressed is cause for concern.

6. Confusion about time and place. If someone forgets where they are or can’t remember how they got there, that’s a red flag. Another worrisome sign is disorientation about time — for example, routinely forgetting what day of the week it is, says Jason Karlawish, M.D., a neurologist and professor of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and co-director of the Penn Memory Center.

7. Misplacing things. Someone with dementia may put things in unusual places and may have difficulty retracing their steps to find misplaced items, the Alzheimer’s Association notes.

8. Troubling behavior. If your family member seems to have increasingly poor judgment when handling money or neglects grooming and cleanliness, pay attention. 

9. Loss of interest, or apathy. Not feeling especially social from time to time is one thing, but a sudden and routine loss of interest in family, friends, work, and social events is a warning sign of dementia. A new study published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease found that apathy may even be a sign that someone is progressing from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) — symptoms of memory loss or thinking problems that are not as severe as dementia — to Alzheimer’s disease. People with MCI are at an increased risk of developing dementia.

10. Forgetting old memories. Memory loss which becomes more persistent is often one of the first signs of dementia.

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A caregiver sometimes referred to as a caretaker, refers to anyone who provides care for another person. Millions of people living in the United States take care of a friend or family member with Alzheimer’s disease or related dementia. Sometimes caregivers live with the person or nearby, other times they live far away. For many families, caring for a person with dementia isn’t just one person’s job, but the role of many people who share tasks and responsibilities. No matter what kind of caregiver you are, taking care of another person can be overwhelming at times. These tips and suggestions may help with everyday care and tasks.

Tips for Everyday Care for People with Dementia

Early on in Alzheimer’s and related dementias, people experience changes in thinking, remembering, and reasoning in a way that affects daily life and activities. Eventually, people with these diseases will need more help with simple, everyday tasks. This may include bathing, grooming, and dressing. It may be upsetting to the person to need help with such personal activities. Here are a few tips to consider early on and as the disease progresses:

• Try to keep a routine, such as bathing, dressing, and eating at the same time each day.
• Help the person write down to-do lists, appointments, and events in a notebook or calendar.
• Plan activities that the person enjoys and try to do them at the same time each day.
• Consider a system or reminders for helping those who must take medications regularly.
• When dressing or bathing, allow the person to do as much as possible.
• Buy loose-fitting, comfortable, easy-to-use clothing, such as clothes with elastic waistbands, fabric fasteners, or large zipper pulls instead of shoelaces, buttons, or buckles.
• Use a sturdy shower chair to support a person who is unsteady and to prevent falls. You can buy shower chairs at drug stores and medical supply stores.
• Be gentle and respectful. Tell the person what you are going to do, step by step while you help them bathe or get dressed.
• Serve meals in a consistent, familiar place and give the person enough time to eat.

The post Tips for Caregivers and Families of People with Dementia appeared first on C-Medisolutions.

As we age, our brains change, but Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias are not an inevitable part of aging. In fact, up to 40% of dementia cases may be prevented or delayed. It helps to understand what’s normal and what’s not when it comes to brain health.

Normal brain aging may mean slower processing speeds and more trouble multitasking, but routine memory, skills, and knowledge are stable and may even improve with age. It’s normal to occasionally forget recent events such as where you put your keys or the name of the person you just met.

When It Might Be Lewy Body Dementia

In the United States, 6.2 million people age 65 and older have Alzheimer’s disease, the most common type of dementia. People with dementia have symptoms of cognitive decline that interfere with daily life—including disruptions in language, memory, attention, recognition, problem-solving, and decision-making. Signs to watch for include:

• Not being able to complete tasks without help.
• Trouble naming items or close family members.
• Forgetting the function of items.
• Repeating questions.
• Taking much longer to complete normal tasks.
• Misplacing items often.
• Being unable to retrace steps and getting lost.

7 Ways to Help Maintain Your Brain Health

Studies show that healthy behaviors, which can prevent some kinds of cancer, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease may also reduce your risk for cognitive decline. Although age, genetics, and family history can’t be changed, the Lancet Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care suggest that addressing risk factors may prevent or delay up to 40% of dementia cases.

Here’s what you can do:

• Quit smoking. Quitting smoking now may help maintain brain health and can reduce your risk of heart disease, cancer, lung disease, and other smoking-related illnesses. Free quitline: 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669
• Maintain a healthy blood pressure level. Tens of millions of American adults have high blood pressure, and many do not have it under control. Learn the facts.
• Be physically active. CDC studies show physical activity can improve thinking, reduce the risk of depression and anxiety and help you sleep better. Here are tips to help you get started.
• Maintain a healthy weight. Healthy weight isn’t about short-term dietary changes. Instead, it’s about a lifestyle that includes healthy eating and regular physical activity.
• Get enough sleep. A third of American adults report that they usually get less sleep than the recommended amount. How much sleep do you need? It depends on your age.
• Stay engaged. There are many ways for older adults to get involved in their community.
• Manage blood sugar. Learn how to manage your blood sugar especially if you have diabetes.

Conditions That Can Mimic Dementia

Symptoms of some vitamin deficiencies and medical conditions such as vitamin B12 deficiency, infections, hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), or normal pressure hydrocephalus (a neurological condition caused by the build-up of fluid in the brain) can mimic dementia. Some prescription and over-the-counter medicines can cause dementia-like symptoms. If you have these symptoms, it is important to talk to your health care provider to find out if there are any underlying causes for these symptoms.

What To Do if a Loved One is Showing Symptoms

Talk with your loved one about seeing a health care provider if they are experiencing symptoms of Alzheimer’s dementia to get a brain health check-up.

When the timing is right, talk about issues related to safety including driving and carrying identification. Symptoms of dementia include getting lost in familiar places, difficulty judging distance, determining color or contrast, and reading which can make driving especially difficult.

Help your loved one start gathering important documents such as their advanced health care directive or living will, durable power of attorney for health care, and financial or estate planning documents. CDC has a Care Planning Form available to download at no cost.

Schedule a family meeting. When caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease or a related illness, family meetings are important to ensure information is shared, to put care plans in place, and to help divide tasks among family members. Here are some tips and strategies to help plan a productive family meeting which includes setting goals, planning, coordination, and follow-up.

Be Empowered to Discuss Memory Problems

More than half of people with memory loss have not talked to their healthcare provider, but that doesn’t have to be you. Get comfortable with starting a dialogue with your health care provider if you observe any changes in memory, an increase in confusion, or just if you have any questions. You can also discuss health care planning, management of chronic conditions, and caregiving needs.

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Thanks to the thousands of people who have participated in research studies, scientists have made great progress in understanding Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Major advances would not be possible without the participation of many diverse participants, including people with dementia, caregivers, and healthy volunteers. Learn more about clinical research and how you could help discover new ways to treat and prevent Alzheimer’s and related dementias.

What Are Clinical Research Studies?

Clinical research is medical research that involves people. The overarching goal of clinical research is to develop knowledge that improves human health or increases the understanding of human biology. There are two types of clinical research studies: observational studies and clinical trials.

Researchers use observational studies to collect information from people and compare that data over time. For example, researchers may use medical exam data, interviews or assessments, or online survey data to learn about how different behaviors or lifestyles relate to health and disease or to understand how a disease progresses over time. Observational studies may help researchers identify new treatments or prevention strategies to test in clinical trials.

Clinical trials are a type of research that tests new drugs, medical devices, surgical procedures, or behavior and lifestyle changes such as exercise. Clinical trials may also test ways to detect and diagnose diseases and to better care for those living with diseases. Researchers determine if what is being tested, called an intervention, is safe and effective by comparing results in the test group to those in the control group.

Before conducting clinical trials in people, researchers first test the intervention for safety, effectiveness, and potential problems in laboratories. Researchers also must submit their study to an Institutional Review Board (IRB), which is a group of experts who review and monitor studies to ensure participants’ safety. If the intervention is approved for testing in people, the trials move through phases, starting with a small group of volunteers before increasing the number of study participants. This helps to ensure the treatments are safe and effective for a broader population.

Why Participate in a Clinical Research Study?

By joining a study or trial, you become a partner in helping researchers discover new ways to potentially diagnose, treat, and prevent Alzheimer’s and related dementias. You may also:

• Receive medical care and new treatments that are not yet available otherwise
• Learn about the disease and your medical condition
• Gain access to resources, such as educational materials and support groups
• Help provide others with better treatments and prevention strategies in the future

Who Can Participate?

Nearly everyone! Anyone who is age 18 or older can choose to participate in research studies. To produce meaningful results, Alzheimer’s and related dementias researchers need a variety of volunteers, including:

• People who are healthy, without symptoms of dementia
• Both younger and older people
• People diagnosed with Alzheimer’s or a related dementia, such as Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, or frontotemporal dementia
• People who are identified as at-risk given their family history, genetic makeup, or biomarkers, which are measures that could signal very early stages of disease
• People with Down syndrome, who are at higher risk for Alzheimer’s disease
• Caregivers of people with dementia
• People from diverse and underrepresented groups, such as those who are Asian, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American, and/or Pacific Islander

Researchers need participants who represent all types of races and ethnicities, genders, geographic locations, and sexual orientations. Having diverse people in studies can help researchers understand how dementia affects certain groups, why some communities are disproportionately affected by certain dementias, and which interventions may be most effective in particular groups. Ultimately, it’s unlikely there will be just one treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, rather, the approach will be a combination of treatments customized to each individual. Learn more about the research areas the federal government and others are exploring.

Frequently Asked Questions About Clinical Research Studies

Many people like the idea of participating in clinical research studies but are reluctant to join a trial due to misinformation or past clinical trial history. Learn more about the facts of clinical research.

Q: What steps are taken to keep volunteers safe?

A: Researchers are required by law to ensure the safety of study participants. There is never any obligation to participate in a study and being part of a study may include risks. Risks can include side effects of the treatment, the treatment not working, or the treatment being uncomfortable. However, the following steps help keep all volunteers safe:

Federal law requires researchers to tell you about any known risks. You have the right to ask questions about the trial. Not all side effects of a treatment or prevention are predictable. However, researchers and IRBs do their best to make sure that they minimize risk, including the risk of pain, to participants.

An IRB of doctors, scientists, and people from the general public reviews all studies before they begin to make sure they are safe and necessary. Throughout the course of the study, the IRB regularly reviews each study and its results to make sure safety plans are followed.

Additionally, many clinical trials are supervised by a Data and Safety Monitoring Committee. These experts monitor study results and stop a trial early if treatment is not working.

Q: How do researchers decide who participates?

A: Researchers use a careful screening process to recruit participants. All studies have rules (inclusion and exclusion criteria such as age, other health conditions, medications, and location) that outline who can participate.

Q: Does the research team keep my identity private?

A: Researchers must keep health and personal information private, as outlined by federal laws. Most studies only share results that are de-identified, or not linked to specific individuals. Some studies may share de-identified data with other qualified researchers to use in their investigations. Talk with the study coordinator to find out what information may be shared and how.

Q: Does it cost money to join a clinical trial?

A: Most clinical trials do not involve any costs for the participant. Some trials offer participants a stipend, or payment, for participation. Some trials may even pay for travel, lodging, and other expenses associated with participating in the study. However, other trials may not cover these expenses and may require study participants to travel to the study site several times at their own expense.

Q: If I join a study, will I get the investigational treatment?

A: In many studies, not all participants will receive the new treatment. Often, some participants will receive a placebo. A placebo is an inactive substance that looks like the drug or treatment being tested. Participants will not know whether they receive the new treatment or the placebo. This is done so researchers can judge whether or not the new treatment has an effect. In some cases, the researchers and study personnel are also unaware of who is in which treatment group. In a study that includes placebos, all participants receive the same standard of medical care and are important in helping to test the treatment.

Q: If I join a trial and change my mind, can I withdraw from the study?

A: Participation in a clinical research study is 100% voluntary. You can quit a study at any time, for any reason, without penalty.

Q: Why do some studies stop early?

A: Sometimes researchers stop studies early. However, even when the studies stop early, they provide researchers with valuable information. Studies may be paused or stopped for a number of reasons:

• Because new information becomes available to researchers
• Due to safety concerns
• If the goals of the study are met early or by another research team
• If a treatment is found to be ineffective or to cause unexpected and serious side effects

Q: Do participants receive information about the study results?

A: Researchers will collect and analyze data, and then decide what steps to take next. This may include sharing individual health information and test results with the participant. Often, the collective study results are published in research journals. This is so other researchers, health care professionals, and the public can look at them. Published results are valuable. They give other researchers information that can help their own work move forward. Before a study begins, you will receive information about:

• The study’s length
• Whether you will continue to receive treatment after the study ends (if applicable)
• How you will be kept informed about study results
• How To Find a Clinical Trial

If you are interested in participating in an Alzheimer’s or related dementia clinical study, there are tools to help you get started.

Clinical Trials Finder

The Alzheimers.gov Clinical Trials Finder is an easy-to-use resource for people who want to participate in Alzheimer’s and related dementias research. By searching the database, you can learn more about specific research studies, review the enrollment criteria, and reach out to study coordinators to ask questions. Even if there isn’t a study happening near you, you may still be able to participate in a study online.

Registries and Matching Services

Studies might not be available in the right place or at the right time for you. However, you can make yourself available to many local and national studies by joining a registry or matching service. When you sign up for a registry, researchers can then contact you and invite you to volunteer in specific research studies. You may be invited to different types of studies, including surveys, interview studies, and medication trials.

Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers

Another great way to get started is to connect with an Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center near you. These centers are located across the United States and conduct clinical trials as well as observational studies of dementia and memory and aging.

The ADEAR Center

Do you have questions about participating in Alzheimer’s and related dementias clinical research studies? Contact the NIA Alzheimer’s and related Dementias Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center at 800-438-4380 or email for more information or help to find a clinical trial.

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